Fetopathology and developmental pathology of the embryo and fetus

Marta Ježová, Sylva Hotárková, Katarína Múčková, Ondřej Souček, Josef Feit

• Introduction
  • Using this atlas
    • Conditions of using this atlas
    • Technical notes
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    • Bugs, problems
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• Support
  • Support
• Atlas of fetal pathology
  • Congenital malformations
    • Physiological developement of an embryo and fetus, growth and changes of the external shape
    • Congenital malformations and congenital anomalies
      • Basic terminology
      • Etiology of congenital anomalies (CA)
        • Environmental causes of congenital anomalies, congenital infections
          • Rubella
          • Cytomegalovirus
          • Syphilis
          • Toxoplasmosis
        • Diabetes mellitus (DM) and pregnancy
          • Diabetic embryopathy
          • Diabetic fetopathy
        • Genetic causes of congenital malformations
          • Chromosomal abnormalities
            • Down syndrome
            • Klinefelter syndrome
            • Turner syndrome
            • Patau syndrome
            • Edwards syndrome
            • Triploidy
          • Single gene disorders
            • Tuberous sclerosis
        • Miscellaneous malformation syndromes, sequences and associations, unclassified
          • Sirenomelia (Mermaid syndrome)
          • Hydrops fetalis
            • Immune hydrops (erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic disease of the newborn)
            • Nonimmune hydrops
            • Hygroma colli cysticum
          • Pierre-Robin sequence
          • Caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis)
          • VACTERL association
  • Pathology of twinning
    • Complications of monochorionic diamnionic placentation
      • Chronic twin transfusion syndrome
      • Acute twin-twin transfusion
    • Complications of monochorionic monoamnionic placentation
    • Congenital malformations in twins
      • Chorangiopagus parasiticus (acardius)
    • Pathology of higher multiple gestations: triplets
    • Monsters
      • Monstra duplicia
        • Gemini monochoriati inequales
        • Duplicitas symmetros
        • Asymmetric dual monsters
      • Monstra simplicia
  • Congenital malformations of individual organ systems
    • Congenital malformations of the central nervous system
      • Congenital malformations of the spinal cord
        • Spina bifida
        • Myeloschisis (rachischisis posterior)
      • Congenital malformations of the brain
        • Anencephaly
        • Iniencephaly
        • Encephalocele
        • Arnold-Chiari malformation
        • Disorders of formation of the structures derived from the mediobasal prosencephalon
        • Migration disorders
        • Destructive lesions of fetal brain (disruptions)
          • Porencephaly
          • Hydranencephaly
        • Hydrocephalus
        • Dandy-Walker malformation
        • Intracranial non-neoplastic cysts
          • Arachnoid cyst
          • Neuroepithelial cyst
    • Congenital malformations of the respiratory system
      • Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)
      • Lobar sequestration
      • Congenital lobar emphysema
      • Pulmonary hyperplasia
      • Pulmonary hypoplasia
      • Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia
      • Diaphragm and congenital malformations
    • Congenital malformations of kidneys and efferent urinary tracts
      • Renal agenesis
      • Variations of shape and position of the kidneys
      • Renal cystic disease
        • Infantile polycystic kidneys (ARKPD)
        • Renal dysplasia
        • Adult polycystic kidneys (ADPKD)
          • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in infant and fetus
        • Lower urinary tract obstruction
          • Posterior urethral valves
      • Congenital tubular renal dysgenesis
      • Urinary bladder
      • Hypospadia
    • Congenital malformations of genital system and somatosexual congenital disorders
      • Somatosexual disorders
        • Somatosexual disorders with normal karyotype
          • Pseudohermaphroditism masculinus
            • Androgen insensitivity syndrome, testicular feminization syndrome, female XY
          • Pseudohermaphroditism femininus
          • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
        • Somatosexual disorders with pathologic karyotype
      • Congenital malformations of female genitalia
        • Congenital malformations of the internal genitalia
        • Congenital malformations associated with congenital malformations of urinary system
        • Congenital malformations of the vulva
      • Congenital malformations of the male genital organs
        • Cryptorchidism
        • Congenital malformations of penis and scrotum
          • Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS)
    • Congenital tumors
      • Sacrococcygeal teratoma
      • Congenital cardiac rhabdomyoma
    • Congenital heart defects
      • Defects of heart septum
        • Atrial septal defects
        • Ventricular septal defects
        • AV septal defects
      • Anomalies of the great arteries
        • Transposition of the great arteries
        • Truncus arteriosus
        • Double-outlet right ventricle
      • Malformations of the valves
        • Tricuspid atresia
        • Stenosis and atresia of the mitral valve, the hypoplastic left heart syndrome
        • Stenosis of the pulmonary artery
          • Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
          • Tetralogy of Fallot
        • Aortic stenosis
      • Malformations of the aortic arch system
        • Persistence of ductus arteriosus
        • Coarctation of the aorta
        • Interruption of the aortic arch
        • Right-sided aortic arch
      • Malformations of the venous system
      • Anomalies of situs and heart position
      • Di George syndrome
    • Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract
      • Oral cavity and the palate
        • Cleft lip and palate
      • Congenital defects of the esophagus
        • Atresia
        • Congenital esophagus stenoses
      • Congenital malformations of the stomach
      • Congenital malformations of the intestines
        • Atresia
        • Malrotation of the intestine
        • Remnants of the omphalomesentric duct
        • Anorectal malformations
        • Duplicatures
      • Defects of the abdominal wall
        • Omphalocele
        • Gastroschisis
        • Limb-body wall complex
        • Pentalogy of Cantrell
    • Developemental anomalies of the skeleton
      • Defects of growth of tubular bone and/or spine
        • Thanatophoric dysplasia
        • Diastrophic dysplasia
      • Abnormalities of density of cortical diaphyseal structure or metaphyseal modeling
        • Osteogenesis imperfecta
        • Limb malformations
          • Terminal transverse limb defects
          • Radial ray defects
        • Finger anomalies
        • Club foot
        • Constriction (amniotic) band syndrome
  • Placental inflammation
    • Ascending infections
      • Placental inflammation, acute
    • Hematogenous infections
      • Fetomaternal listeriosis
    • Pathology of the fetal membranes
      • Amniotic band syndrome
      • Meconium staining
      • Candida infection of the placenta
  • Pathology of the placenta
    • Normal placenta
    • Extrauterine gravidity
    • Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
      • Hydatidiform mole
        • Complete mole
        • Partial mole
      • Invasive mola (mole proliferans, mole destruens)
      • Gestational choriocarcinoma
      • Placental site trophoblastic tumor
    • Placenta and major chromosomal abnormalities
    • Hydropic placenta
  • Pathology of the umbilical cord
    • Abnormal length
      • Short cord
      • Long cord
    • Insertion abnormalities
    • Abnormal coiling
    • Umbilical vessels pathology
    • Umbilical cord accidents which compromise the blood flow
    • Thrombosis of umbilical blood vessels
    • Umbilical cord inflammation
      • Acute funisitis
      • Subacute necrotizing funisitis
    • Miscellaneous rare cord lesions

• Diabetic embryopathy (Marta Ježová)
• Morbus Down (Marta Ježová)
• Turner syndrome (Marta Ježová)
• Edwards syndrome (Marta Ježová)
• Sirenomelia (Marta Ježová)
• Pierre Robin Sequence (Marta Ježová)
• VACTERL association 1 (Marta Ježová)
• VACTERL association 2 (with hydrocephalus) (Marta Ježová)
• Fetofetal transfusion syndrome (Marta Ježová)
• Thoracopagus (Marta Ježová)
• Intracranial cyst (Marta Ježová)
• Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of lung (Marta Ježová)
• Laryngeal atresia (Marta Ježová)
• Congenital kidney malformation, Potter's sequence (Marta Ježová)
• Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) (Marta Ježová)
• Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrom (SLOS) (Marta Ježová)
• Tricuspid atresia (Marta Ježová)
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 1 (Marta Ježová)
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome 2 (Marta Ježová)
• Syndrom Di George 1 (Marta Ježová)
• Di George syndrome 2 (Marta Ježová)
• Limb body wall complex (Marta Ježová)
• Pentalogie Cantrell (Marta Ježová)
• Intrauterine Candida infection (Marta Ježová)