Hypocoiled umbilical cord, achirality (absence of coiling) has adverse fetal outcome (intrauterine distress, intrauterine demise).

Hypercoiled cord, torsion Umbilical cord torsion (hypercoiling) is a freqent cause of abortion in the 2nd trimestr. Characteristic findings include long hypercoiled cord, stricture of the cord usually at the fetal end (focal depletion of Whartons jelly) or multiple strictures. The fetus is macerated.