Pathology
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Fetopathology and developmental pathology of the embryo and fetus
Marta Ježová, Josef Feit et al.
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+ Support
+ Support
+ Atlas of fetal pathology
+ Congenital malformations
+ Physiological developement of an embryo and fetus, growth and changes of the external shape
+ Congenital malformations and congenital anomalies
+ Basic terminology
+ Etiology of congenital anomalies (CA)
+ Environmental causes of congenital anomalies, congenital infections
+ Rubella
+ Cytomegalovirus
+ Syphilis
+ Toxoplasmosis
+ Diabetes mellitus (DM) and pregnancy
+ Diabetic embryopathy
+ Diabetic fetopathy
+ Genetic causes of congenital malformations
+ Chromosomal abnormalities
+ Down syndrome
+ Klinefelter syndrome
+ Turner syndrome
+ Patau syndrome
+ Edwards syndrome
+ Triploidy
+ Single gene disorders
+ Tuberous sclerosis
+ Miscellaneous malformation syndromes, sequences and associations, unclassified
+ Sirenomelia (Mermaid syndrome)
+ Hydrops fetalis
+ Immune hydrops (erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic disease of the newborn)
+ Nonimmune hydrops
+ Hygroma colli cysticum
+ Pierre-Robin sequence
+ Caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis)
+ VACTERL association
+ Pathology of twinning
+ Complications of monochorionic diamnionic placentation
+ Chronic twin transfusion syndrome
+ Acute twin-twin transfusion
+ Complications of monochorionic monoamnionic placentation
+ Congenital malformations in twins
+ Chorangiopagus parasiticus (acardius)
+ Pathology of higher multiple gestations: triplets
+ Monsters
+ Monstra duplicia
+ Gemini monochoriati inequales
+ Duplicitas symmetros
+ Asymmetric dual monsters
+ Monstra simplicia
+ Congenital malformations of individual organ systems
+ Congenital malformations of the central nervous system
+ Congenital malformations of the spinal cord
+ Spina bifida
+ Myeloschisis (rachischisis posterior)
+ Congenital malformations of the brain
+ Anencephaly
+ Iniencephaly
+ Encephalocele
+ Arnold-Chiari malformation
+ Disorders of formation of the structures derived from the mediobasal prosencephalon
+ Migration disorders
+ Destructive lesions of fetal brain (disruptions)
+ Porencephaly
+ Hydranencephaly
+ Hydrocephalus
+ Dandy-Walker malformation
+ Intracranial non-neoplastic cysts
+ Arachnoid cyst
+ Neuroepithelial cyst
+ Congenital malformations of the respiratory system
+ Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)
+ Lobar sequestration
+ Congenital lobar emphysema
+ Pulmonary hyperplasia
+ Pulmonary hypoplasia
+ Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia
+ Diaphragm and congenital malformations
+ Congenital malformations of kidneys and efferent urinary tracts
+ Renal agenesis
+ Variations of shape and position of the kidneys
+ Renal cystic disease
+ Infantile polycystic kidneys (ARKPD)
+ Renal dysplasia
+ Adult polycystic kidneys (ADPKD)
+ Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in infant and fetus
+ Lower urinary tract obstruction
+ Posterior urethral valves
+ Congenital tubular renal dysgenesis
+ Urinary bladder
+ Hypospadia
+ Congenital malformations of genital system and somatosexual congenital disorders
+ Somatosexual disorders
+ Somatosexual disorders with normal karyotype
+ Pseudohermaphroditism masculinus
+ Androgen insensitivity syndrome, testicular feminization syndrome, female XY
+ Pseudohermaphroditism femininus
+ Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
+ Somatosexual disorders with pathologic karyotype
+ Congenital malformations of female genitalia
+ Congenital malformations of the internal genitalia
+ Congenital malformations associated with congenital malformations of urinary system
+ Congenital malformations of the vulva
+ Congenital malformations of the male genital organs
+ Cryptorchidism
+ Congenital malformations of penis and scrotum
+ Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS)
+ Congenital tumors
+ Sacrococcygeal teratoma
+ Congenital cardiac rhabdomyoma
+ Congenital heart defects
+ Defects of heart septum
+ Atrial septal defects
+ Ventricular septal defects
+ AV septal defects
+ Anomalies of the great arteries
+ Transposition of the great arteries
+ Truncus arteriosus
+ Double-outlet right ventricle
+ Malformations of the valves
+ Tricuspid atresia
+ Stenosis and atresia of the mitral valve, the hypoplastic left heart syndrome
+ Stenosis of the pulmonary artery
+ Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
+ Tetralogy of Fallot
+ Aortic stenosis
+ Malformations of the aortic arch system
+ Persistence of ductus arteriosus
+ Coarctation of the aorta
+ Interruption of the aortic arch
+ Right-sided aortic arch
+ Malformations of the venous system
+ Anomalies of situs and heart position
+ Di George syndrome
+ Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract
+ Oral cavity and the palate
+ Cleft lip and palate
+ Congenital defects of the esophagus
+ Atresia
+ Congenital esophagus stenoses
+ Congenital malformations of the stomach
+ Congenital malformations of the intestines
+ Atresia
+ Malrotation of the intestine
+ Remnants of the omphalomesentric duct
+ Anorectal malformations
+ Duplicatures
+ Defects of the abdominal wall
+ Omphalocele
+ Gastroschisis
+ Limb-body wall complex
+ Pentalogy of Cantrell
+ Developemental anomalies of the skeleton
+ Defects of growth of tubular bone and/or spine
+ Thanatophoric dysplasia
+ Diastrophic dysplasia
+ Abnormalities of density of cortical diaphyseal structure or metaphyseal modeling
+ Osteogenesis imperfecta
+ Limb malformations
+ Terminal transverse limb defects
+ Radial ray defects
+ Finger anomalies
+ Club foot
+ Constriction (amniotic) band syndrome
+ Placental inflammation
+ Ascending infections
+ Placental inflammation, acute
+ Hematogenous infections
+ Fetomaternal listeriosis
+ Pathology of the fetal membranes
+ Amniotic band syndrome
+ Meconium staining
+ Candida infection of the placenta
+ Pathology of the placenta
+ Normal placenta
+ Extrauterine gravidity
+ Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD)
+ Hydatidiform mole
+ Complete mole
+ Partial mole
+ Invasive mola (mole proliferans, mole destruens)
+ Gestational choriocarcinoma
+ Placental site trophoblastic tumor
+ Placenta and major chromosomal abnormalities
+ Hydropic placenta
+ Pathology of the umbilical cord
+ Abnormal length
+ Short cord
+ Long cord
+ Insertion abnormalities
+ Abnormal coiling
+ Umbilical vessels pathology
+ Umbilical cord accidents which compromise the blood flow
+ Thrombosis of umbilical blood vessels
+ Umbilical cord inflammation
+ Acute funisitis
+ Subacute necrotizing funisitis
+ Miscellaneous rare cord lesions
Tetralogy of Fallot
Macroscopic appearance
  • complex heart defect:
    • infundibular pulmonic stenosis
    • ventricular septal defect
    • dextroposition of the aorta overriding the septal defect
    • right ventricle hypertrophy
  • 75% of affected children have a combination of infundibular and pulmonary valve stenosis
  • pulmonary valve is often abnormal: in most cases bicuspid, with thickened valves
  • pulmonary arteries often show localized stenosis or diffuse hypoplasia
  • the defect of the ventricular septum is often large
Clinical signs
  • the degree of pulmonary obstruction at the infundibulum or secondarily at the pulmonary valve or peripheral arteries is quite variable ranging from mild stenosis to complete atresia and account for the variability of clinical symptoms
  • those with severe pulmonic obstrucion present in the first days of life as the ductus closes with extreme cyanosis and hypoxemia due to right to left shunting
  • in milder stenosis the infants are initially acyanotic and typically have progressive cyanosis in the first 6 months of life
  • the stenotic infundibulum is prone to spasms which acute episodes of extreme cyanosis, dyspnea, convulsions. They often appear during feeding, crying or in the morning.
Classification

Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect is an extreme form of tetralogy of Fallot. There is no flow through the pulmonic valve. The mediastinal portions of the pulmonary arteries may be hypoplastic or atretic as well. As the ductus closes in the first days of life the infant is dependent on blood flow through the aortopulmonary collateral arteries. These usually arise from the thoracic aorta. If the collateral arteries are small the infant is markedly cyanotic.

Syndrom of absence of the pulmonary valve is a rare anomaly associated with tetralogy of Fallot. There is a narrow annulus, no valve and marked poststenotic dilatation of the pulmonary arteries. The dilated arteries compress the bronchi, the affected children present with major respiratory problems. Absent pulmonary valve is associated with Di George syndrome.

Pictures

Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (extreme variant of the tetralogy of Fallot): Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73169) Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73170) Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73171)

Another case of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73172) Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73173) Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73174) Atresia of the pulmonary artery, Macro, autopsy (73175)

Tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve: Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73219) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73220) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73221) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73222) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73223) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73224) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73225)

Tetralogy of Fallot, surgery: Tetralogy of Fallot, surgery, Macro, autopsy (73649) Tetralogy of Fallot, surgery, Macro, autopsy (73650)

Tetralogy of Fallot: Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73651) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73652)

Tetralogy of Fallot: Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73653)

Tetralogy of Fallot, immature newborn: Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73979) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73980) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73981) Tetralogy of Fallot, Macro, autopsy (73982)