Fetopathology and developmental pathology of the embryo and fetus: Atresia

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+ Congenital malformations of female genitalia

+ Congenital malformations of the internal genitalia

+ Congenital malformations associated with congenital malformations of urinary system

+ Congenital malformations of the vulva

+ Congenital malformations of the male genital organs

+ Cryptorchidism

+ Congenital malformations of penis and scrotum

+ Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS)

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+ Sacrococcygeal teratoma

+ Congenital cardiac rhabdomyoma

+ Congenital heart defects

+ Defects of heart septum

+ Atrial septal defects

+ Ventricular septal defects

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+ Anomalies of the great arteries

+ Transposition of the great arteries

+ Truncus arteriosus

+ Double-outlet right ventricle

+ Malformations of the valves

+ Tricuspid atresia

+ Stenosis and atresia of the mitral valve, the hypoplastic left heart syndrome

+ Stenosis of the pulmonary artery

+ Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

+ Tetralogy of Fallot

+ Aortic stenosis

+ Malformations of the aortic arch system

+ Persistence of ductus arteriosus

+ Coarctation of the aorta

+ Interruption of the aortic arch

+ Right-sided aortic arch

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+ Anomalies of situs and heart position

+ Di George syndrome

+ Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract

+ Oral cavity and the palate

+ Cleft lip and palate

+ Congenital defects of the esophagus

+ Atresia

+ Congenital esophagus stenoses

+ Congenital malformations of the stomach

+ Congenital malformations of the intestines

+ Atresia

+ Malrotation of the intestine

+ Remnants of the omphalomesentric duct

+ Anorectal malformations

+ Duplicatures

+ Defects of the abdominal wall

+ Omphalocele

+ Gastroschisis

+ Limb-body wall complex

+ Pentalogy of Cantrell

+ Developemental anomalies of the skeleton

+ Defects of growth of tubular bone and/or spine

+ Thanatophoric dysplasia

+ Diastrophic dysplasia

+ Abnormalities of density of cortical diaphyseal structure or metaphyseal modeling

+ Osteogenesis imperfecta

+ Limb malformations

+ Terminal transverse limb defects

+ Radial ray defects

+ Finger anomalies

+ Club foot

+ Constriction (amniotic) band syndrome

+ Placental inflammation

+ Ascending infections

+ Placental inflammation, acute

+ Hematogenous infections

+ Fetomaternal listeriosis

+ Pathology of the fetal membranes

+ Amniotic band syndrome

+ Meconium staining

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+ Hydatidiform mole

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+ Abnormal length

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+ Miscellaneous rare cord lesions

Atresia

Clinical signs

incidence 1 : 3000 – 5000
occurs in different variations, in 90% combined with tracheosophageal fistula
division:
- both blind ends of the esophagus do not communicate with the trachea
- oral blind end communicates with the trachea, this type is most frequent (80%)
- aboral blind portion communicates with the trachea
- both blind ends communicate with the trachea, they are not connected
- tracheoesophageal fistula: lumen of the nonatretic esophagus communicates with the trachea
atresia of the esophagus is associated with various syndromes, e.g. VACTERL (vertebral, anal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal, radial limb defects), trisomies 13, 18, 21
prenatally is usually polyhydramnion
postnatally it manifests by
- salivation
- attacks of dyspnoe
- attacks of stridor with cyanosis
- frequent aspirations
- reccurent pneumonias

Pictures

Atresia of the esophagus, trisomy 18, 26-week fetus: Atresia of the esophagus, trisomy 18, Macro, autopsy (72138)

Atresia of the esophagus, tracheoesophageal fistula, 26-week fetus: Atresia of the esophagus, tracheoesophageal fistula, trisomy 18, Macro, autopsy (72137)