Fetopathology and developmental pathology of the embryo and fetus: Abnormal length

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+ Atlas of fetal pathology

+ Congenital malformations

+ Physiological developement of an embryo and fetus, growth and changes of the external shape

+ Congenital malformations and congenital anomalies

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+ Etiology of congenital anomalies (CA)

+ Environmental causes of congenital anomalies, congenital infections

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+ Sirenomelia (Mermaid syndrome)

+ Hydrops fetalis

+ Immune hydrops (erythroblastosis fetalis, hemolytic disease of the newborn)

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+ Pierre-Robin sequence

+ Caudal regression syndrome (sacral agenesis)

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+ Pathology of twinning

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+ Congenital malformations in twins

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+ Congenital malformations of individual organ systems

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+ Congenital malformations of the spinal cord

+ Spina bifida

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+ Anencephaly

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+ Congenital malformations of the respiratory system

+ Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)

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+ Diaphragm and congenital malformations

+ Congenital malformations of kidneys and efferent urinary tracts

+ Renal agenesis

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+ Lower urinary tract obstruction

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+ Congenital tubular renal dysgenesis

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+ Congenital malformations of genital system and somatosexual congenital disorders

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+ Androgen insensitivity syndrome, testicular feminization syndrome, female XY

+ Pseudohermaphroditism femininus

+ Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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+ Congenital malformations of female genitalia

+ Congenital malformations of the internal genitalia

+ Congenital malformations associated with congenital malformations of urinary system

+ Congenital malformations of the vulva

+ Congenital malformations of the male genital organs

+ Cryptorchidism

+ Congenital malformations of penis and scrotum

+ Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS)

+ Congenital tumors

+ Sacrococcygeal teratoma

+ Congenital cardiac rhabdomyoma

+ Congenital heart defects

+ Defects of heart septum

+ Atrial septal defects

+ Ventricular septal defects

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+ Anomalies of the great arteries

+ Transposition of the great arteries

+ Truncus arteriosus

+ Double-outlet right ventricle

+ Malformations of the valves

+ Tricuspid atresia

+ Stenosis and atresia of the mitral valve, the hypoplastic left heart syndrome

+ Stenosis of the pulmonary artery

+ Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum

+ Tetralogy of Fallot

+ Aortic stenosis

+ Malformations of the aortic arch system

+ Persistence of ductus arteriosus

+ Coarctation of the aorta

+ Interruption of the aortic arch

+ Right-sided aortic arch

+ Malformations of the venous system

+ Anomalies of situs and heart position

+ Di George syndrome

+ Congenital malformations of the gastrointestinal tract

+ Oral cavity and the palate

+ Cleft lip and palate

+ Congenital defects of the esophagus

+ Atresia

+ Congenital esophagus stenoses

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+ Congenital malformations of the intestines

+ Atresia

+ Malrotation of the intestine

+ Remnants of the omphalomesentric duct

+ Anorectal malformations

+ Duplicatures

+ Defects of the abdominal wall

+ Omphalocele

+ Gastroschisis

+ Limb-body wall complex

+ Pentalogy of Cantrell

+ Developemental anomalies of the skeleton

+ Defects of growth of tubular bone and/or spine

+ Thanatophoric dysplasia

+ Diastrophic dysplasia

+ Abnormalities of density of cortical diaphyseal structure or metaphyseal modeling

+ Osteogenesis imperfecta

+ Limb malformations

+ Terminal transverse limb defects

+ Radial ray defects

+ Finger anomalies

+ Club foot

+ Constriction (amniotic) band syndrome

+ Placental inflammation

+ Ascending infections

+ Placental inflammation, acute

+ Hematogenous infections

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+ Pathology of the fetal membranes

+ Amniotic band syndrome

+ Meconium staining

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+ Normal placenta

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+ Hydatidiform mole

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+ Gestational choriocarcinoma

+ Placental site trophoblastic tumor

+ Placenta and major chromosomal abnormalities

+ Hydropic placenta

+ Pathology of the umbilical cord

+ Abnormal length

+ Short cord

+ Long cord

+ Insertion abnormalities

+ Abnormal coiling

+ Umbilical vessels pathology

+ Umbilical cord accidents which compromise the blood flow

+ Thrombosis of umbilical blood vessels

+ Umbilical cord inflammation

+ Acute funisitis

+ Subacute necrotizing funisitis

+ Miscellaneous rare cord lesions

Abnormal length

Introduction

Cord length is determined by mechanical stretching of the cord by fetal movements. The cord grows in 1st and 2nd trimestr in particular and approaches most of its ultimate length by 28 weeks.

Short cord

Long cord