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Atlas of Neonatal Pathology
Marta Ježová, Josef Feit
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+ Introduction
+ Using this atlas
+ Conditions of using this atlas
+ Technical notes
+ Hardware
+ Software
+ How to use the atlas
+ Navigating through the text pages
+ Controlling the pictures
+ Logos and labels
+ What will you need to use the atlas
+ Bugs, problems
+ Netscape
+ Microsoft Internet Explorer
+ Some other Internet resources concerning dermatopathology and pathology
+ Support
+ Support
+ Neonatal pathology
+ Basic terms and classification of newborn infants
+ The Apgar score
+ Classification of newborn infants by weight and gestation
+ Pathology of gestation length
+ Prematurity
+ Postmaturity (Clifford syndrome)
+ Growth and developement
+ Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), small for gestational age infant (SGA)
+ Large for gestational age infant (LGA)
+ Physical maturity
+ Pathology of prematurity
+ Gross appearance of premature infant
+ Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis
+ Thermoregulation
+ Hypoglycemia
+ Hyperbilirubinemia
+ Fluids and electrolytes
+ Apnea of prematurity
+ Anemia of prematurity
+ Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
+ Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
+ Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
+ Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
+ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
+ Iatrogenic diseases and damage
+ Respiratory system
+ Injuries caused by endotracheal intubation
+ Pulmonary air leak
+ Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
+ Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
+ Cardiovascular system
+ Total parenteral nutrition associated hepatic damage
+ Infections
+ Viability, survivability and long term sequelae of prematurity
+ Viability
+ Survivability in prematurity
+ Severe long term sequelae in babies born prematurely
+ Birth asphyxia
+ Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
+ Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)
+ Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (persistent fetal circulation)
+ Birth trauma
+ Extracranial lesions
+ Soft tissus injuries
+ Intraabdominal injuries
+ Peripheral and cranial nerve injuries
+ Bone injuries
+ Cranial trauma
+ Perinatal infection
+ Intrauterine infections (TORCH group)
+ Sepsis neonatorum
+ Blenorrhea neonatorum
+ HIV infection
+ Stillbirth and perinatal mortality
+ Stillbirth
+ Perinatal mortality
+ Neonatal pathology nonrelated to prematurity, birth asphyxia or infection
+ Congenital anomalies in liveborn infants
+ Kernicterus
+ Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
+ Spontenous gastric perforation in a neonate
Perinatal mortality
Introduction

Perinatal mortality is the sum of still births and deaths under 7 days per 1000 total births. Stillbirths are the major component of perinatal mortality, twice as common as early neonatal deaths. More than 300 stillbirths occur annually in the Czech republic. The number of stillbirths remains largely unchanged in recent years while the neonatal mortality has been declined significantly.

Definition of terms

  • Sillbirth rate  —  stillbirths per 1000 total births
  • Early neonatal mortality rate  —  number of deaths under 7 days i.e. at age of 0 – 6 days per 1000 live births
  • Perinatal mortality rate  —  the sum of stillbirth and deaths under 7 days per 1000 total births
  • Neonatal mortality  —  under 28 days i.e. at age of 0 – 27 days per 1000 live births
  • Infant mortality rate  —  under 1 year per 1000 live births
Etiology
  • causes of death in the perinatal period:
  • disorders related to short gestation and low birth weight
  • congenital malformations and chromosomal abnormalities
  • newborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy
    • hypertension
    • preeclampsia and ecclampsia
    • diabetes mellitus
    • autoimunity disorders
    • heavy smoking
    • drug abuse etc.
  • newborn affected by complications of placenta, umbilical cord and membranes
    • placental abruption
    • long cord
    • true knot
    • chorioamnionitis
    • fetofetal transfusion in twins
  • respiratory distress of newborn
  • bacterial sepsis of newborn
  • intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia
  • diseases of the circulatory system
  • intrauterine infections
Clinical signs

Mortality rates in the Czech republic in 2007:

  • Stillbirth rate was 2.74 per 1000 total birth.
  • Early neonatal mortality rate was 1.25 per 1000 live births.
  • Neonatal mortality and infant mortality rate in the Czech republic are one of the lowest in the world. Neonatal mortality rate was 2.5 per 1000 live births and infant mortality rate 3.14 per 1000 live births.