Atlas of Neonatal Pathology: Hyperbilirubinemia

+ Introduction

+ Using this atlas

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+ Neonatal pathology

+ Basic terms and classification of newborn infants

+ The Apgar score

+ Classification of newborn infants by weight and gestation

+ Pathology of gestation length

+ Prematurity

+ Postmaturity (Clifford syndrome)

+ Growth and developement

+ Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), small for gestational age infant (SGA)

+ Large for gestational age infant (LGA)

+ Physical maturity

+ Pathology of prematurity

+ Gross appearance of premature infant

+ Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis

+ Thermoregulation

+ Hypoglycemia

+ Hyperbilirubinemia

+ Fluids and electrolytes

+ Apnea of prematurity

+ Anemia of prematurity

+ Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

+ Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

+ Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)

+ Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

+ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

+ Iatrogenic diseases and damage

+ Respiratory system

+ Injuries caused by endotracheal intubation

+ Pulmonary air leak

+ Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

+ Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

+ Cardiovascular system

+ Total parenteral nutrition associated hepatic damage

+ Infections

+ Viability, survivability and long term sequelae of prematurity

+ Viability

+ Survivability in prematurity

+ Severe long term sequelae in babies born prematurely

+ Birth asphyxia

+ Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

+ Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)

+ Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (persistent fetal circulation)

+ Birth trauma

+ Extracranial lesions

+ Soft tissus injuries

+ Intraabdominal injuries

+ Peripheral and cranial nerve injuries

+ Bone injuries

+ Cranial trauma

+ Perinatal infection

+ Intrauterine infections (TORCH group)

+ Sepsis neonatorum

+ Blenorrhea neonatorum

+ HIV infection

+ Stillbirth and perinatal mortality

+ Stillbirth

+ Perinatal mortality

+ Neonatal pathology nonrelated to prematurity, birth asphyxia or infection

+ Congenital anomalies in liveborn infants

+ Kernicterus

+ Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

+ Spontenous gastric perforation in a neonate

Hyperbilirubinemia

Introduction

80% of extremely preterm infants develop significant jaundice requiring treatment. There is a risk of kernicterus.

Etiology

increased breakdown of fetal red cells
immaturity of biliary excretory function of the liver
reduced bowel motility with increased enterohepatic circulation
coexisting sepsis