Atlas of Neonatal Pathology: Anemia of prematurity

+ Introduction

+ Using this atlas

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+ Neonatal pathology

+ Basic terms and classification of newborn infants

+ The Apgar score

+ Classification of newborn infants by weight and gestation

+ Pathology of gestation length

+ Prematurity

+ Postmaturity (Clifford syndrome)

+ Growth and developement

+ Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), small for gestational age infant (SGA)

+ Large for gestational age infant (LGA)

+ Physical maturity

+ Pathology of prematurity

+ Gross appearance of premature infant

+ Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis

+ Thermoregulation

+ Hypoglycemia

+ Hyperbilirubinemia

+ Fluids and electrolytes

+ Apnea of prematurity

+ Anemia of prematurity

+ Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

+ Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

+ Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)

+ Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)

+ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

+ Iatrogenic diseases and damage

+ Respiratory system

+ Injuries caused by endotracheal intubation

+ Pulmonary air leak

+ Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)

+ Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

+ Cardiovascular system

+ Total parenteral nutrition associated hepatic damage

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+ Viability

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+ Severe long term sequelae in babies born prematurely

+ Birth asphyxia

+ Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)

+ Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)

+ Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (persistent fetal circulation)

+ Birth trauma

+ Extracranial lesions

+ Soft tissus injuries

+ Intraabdominal injuries

+ Peripheral and cranial nerve injuries

+ Bone injuries

+ Cranial trauma

+ Perinatal infection

+ Intrauterine infections (TORCH group)

+ Sepsis neonatorum

+ Blenorrhea neonatorum

+ HIV infection

+ Stillbirth and perinatal mortality

+ Stillbirth

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+ Neonatal pathology nonrelated to prematurity, birth asphyxia or infection

+ Congenital anomalies in liveborn infants

+ Kernicterus

+ Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn

+ Spontenous gastric perforation in a neonate

Anemia of prematurity

Introduction

Physiologic anemia is seen between 2nd and 3rd month of life in term infants. In preterm infants anemia occurs earlier and is more severe than in term babies.

Etiology

immature erythropoesis
decreased survival of red blood cells in premature infant
deficiences of folate, vitamin B 12 and iron
mutiple blood draws during hospitalization