Pathology
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Atlas of Neonatal Pathology
Marta Ježová, Josef Feit
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+ Introduction
+ Using this atlas
+ Conditions of using this atlas
+ Technical notes
+ Hardware
+ Software
+ How to use the atlas
+ Navigating through the text pages
+ Controlling the pictures
+ Logos and labels
+ What will you need to use the atlas
+ Bugs, problems
+ Netscape
+ Microsoft Internet Explorer
+ Some other Internet resources concerning dermatopathology and pathology
+ Support
+ Support
+ Neonatal pathology
+ Basic terms and classification of newborn infants
+ The Apgar score
+ Classification of newborn infants by weight and gestation
+ Pathology of gestation length
+ Prematurity
+ Postmaturity (Clifford syndrome)
+ Growth and developement
+ Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), small for gestational age infant (SGA)
+ Large for gestational age infant (LGA)
+ Physical maturity
+ Pathology of prematurity
+ Gross appearance of premature infant
+ Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis
+ Thermoregulation
+ Hypoglycemia
+ Hyperbilirubinemia
+ Fluids and electrolytes
+ Apnea of prematurity
+ Anemia of prematurity
+ Hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
+ Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)
+ Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
+ Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
+ Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
+ Iatrogenic diseases and damage
+ Respiratory system
+ Injuries caused by endotracheal intubation
+ Pulmonary air leak
+ Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD)
+ Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
+ Cardiovascular system
+ Total parenteral nutrition associated hepatic damage
+ Infections
+ Viability, survivability and long term sequelae of prematurity
+ Viability
+ Survivability in prematurity
+ Severe long term sequelae in babies born prematurely
+ Birth asphyxia
+ Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)
+ Meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS)
+ Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (persistent fetal circulation)
+ Birth trauma
+ Extracranial lesions
+ Soft tissus injuries
+ Intraabdominal injuries
+ Peripheral and cranial nerve injuries
+ Bone injuries
+ Cranial trauma
+ Perinatal infection
+ Intrauterine infections (TORCH group)
+ Sepsis neonatorum
+ Blenorrhea neonatorum
+ HIV infection
+ Stillbirth and perinatal mortality
+ Stillbirth
+ Perinatal mortality
+ Neonatal pathology nonrelated to prematurity, birth asphyxia or infection
+ Congenital anomalies in liveborn infants
+ Kernicterus
+ Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn
+ Spontenous gastric perforation in a neonate
Severe long term sequelae in babies born prematurely
Introduction

Babies born at the lower limit of viability have 25% chance of normal life without severe handicap.

Clinical signs
  • cerebral palsy  —  seen up to 25% of extremely premature infants (ELBW)
  • neurosensory deficits (deafness, blindness)  —  seen in 1 – 10% of ELBW infants
  • mental retardation (IQ below 80) in 15% of ELBW infants usually in addition to other morbidities
  • severe growth disturbance
  • epilepsy
  • chronic lung disease
  • surviving infants with severe handicap according to gestational age and birth weight
Table: Survival according to the gestational age

Gestational age (weeks)

Children survivnig with severe handicap (%)

23 – 24

60 – 70

25 – 26

50

27 – 29

10 – 30

30 a více

Pod 1%

Tabulka: Survival according to the birth weight

Birth weight

Survivors with severe handicap (%)

Under 750 g

30 and more

750 – 1000 g

15 – 20

1000 – 1500 g

5 – 7

1500 – 2500 g

1